A pandemia do novo coronavírus oferece um desafio ao pensamento: pensar a disrupção nos assuntos humanos causado por um agente inumano. Nossa capacidade coletiva de lidar com o problema dependerá dos enquadramentos conceituais que seremos capazes de mobilizar. Esse breve ensaio, busca analisar a metáfora da guerra e sua pertinência epistêmica, abordando tanto os discursos a mobilizam quanto as críticas que a rejeitam. Concluímos que a metáfora carrega um momento de verdade em sua forma, apesar do sinal trocado quanto ao (...) conteúdo. Se a guerra é uma suspensão temporária da lógica de acumulação pela lógica da destruição, sugerimos uma substituição da lógica da acumulação pela lógica do cuidado. (shrink)

O presente artigo é uma discussão sobre a noção heideggeriana de Überwindung. Seu objetivo é duplo: por um lado, [1] mostrar a perspectiva que tal termo deve ser compreendido; por outro, [2] aprofundar esta perspectiva à luz de comentários ao aforismo I do texto Überwindung der Metaphysik. Para tanto, duas questões são postas: em que perspectiva e que questões estão implícitas quando Heidegger propõe o projeto da Überwindung der Metaphysik?; e por que uma Überwindung contém em si tantos problemas? De (...) modo a discutir e comentar tais questões, o artigo percorre dois caminhos: [1] faz-se uma análise da própria indicação heideggeriana da perspectiva de compreensão da Überwindung der Metaphysik, qual seja, revisitar, a partir de um olhar determinado, a construção da noção de história do ser. Esta, por sua vez, tem sua gênese antes mesmo da própria Kehre. Mais especificadamente, na reinterpretação que o próprio Heidegger faz de seu texto Vom Wesen der Wahrheit. A partir desta reconsideração feita por Heidegger e inserida em seu próprio texto, é possível detectar quatro teses fulcrais que traçam essencialmente a metafísica e que justificam a sua superação. São elas: [a] o fato de o ser, originariamente, se velar e provocar, historialmente, o seu esquecimento; [b] a relação entre a verdade do ser e a história, que se desenvolve como história do ser; [c] a ideia de que pertence ao ser um caráter originário de retração de si mesmo e que essa retração é um destino que pertence à história do pensamento metafísico e se configura na própria essência da metafísica; [d] afirmar que a certeza da manifestação da essência coincide com o seu fim. [2] Adentra-se, mediante uma aproximação pari passu, no aforismo I do texto Überwindung der Metaphysik, com intuito de comentar a problematicidade do termo Überwindung quando usado para repensar a metafísica à luz da perspectiva da história do ser. (shrink)

O presente artigo objetiva, ao revisitar a obra Oratio de hominis dignitate composta pelo humanista renascentista Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola, um duplo intento: sustentar que as noções de dignidade e liberdade, presentes nessa obra, se distanciam do pensamento cristão tradicional, de modo crítico, justamente porque derivam de uma leitura filosófica da teologia cristã da criação; e mostrar que a conclusão a respeito da noção de liberdade apresentada por Sartre no pensamento contemporâneo pode ser encontrada de modo germinal, guardada as devidas (...) proporções, na leitura piquiana da criação. Para tanto, exporemos uma breve retomada do contexto histórico-filosófico que permitiu ao filósofo engendrar a Oratio bem como suas pretensões para com essa obra; falaremos, em um segundo momento, como o platonismo religioso de Marsílio Ficino, principal matriz teórica a partir do qual os conceitos de dignidade e de liberdade foram modulados, foi recebido e desenvolvido no pensamento de Pico; e como as influências e as rupturas com pensamento de Ficino e a leitura filosófica da teologia cristã da criação são importantes para recolocar os conceitos de dignidade e de liberdade, permitindo assim entrever, por meio deles, semelhanças com o pensamento satreano. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo fazer um diálogo entre os direitos humanos à democracia e à internet, dando ênfase ao surgimento da democracia digital, como forma de participação política dos cidadãos. Assim, parte-se do seguinte questionamento: é possível haver participação política dos cidadãos através da relação entre democracia e internet? Tem-se como hipótese que a internet se trata de uma ferramenta capaz de viabilizar a participação política dos cidadãos. Para averiguá-la, são utilizadas as técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, (...) bem como um estudo realizado pela rede Technology for Transparency da organização não governamental denominada Global Voices. (shrink)

This article analyzes how the European Union’s Deforestation-Free Products Regulation (EUDR) could affect the production of forest goods in Mato Grosso (MT), a Brazilian state whose economy depends on commodity exports. The text is divided into five topics: the first discusses the context of forestry products in the Brazilian state; the second analyzes the trade in forestry goods in the EU, its regulation, and the prospects for its application in MT; the third offers a conceptualization of the Brussels Effect and (...) its manifestation in Brazil; the forth one presents the results of field research with actors in the forestry sector in the state, exploring their perceptions about the EU Brussels Effect; and the last one analzyes which Mato Grosso’s municipalities are more exposed to the EUDR in their timber exports. The results obtained through semi-structured interviews highlight the diversity of knowledge of the different groups interviewed about European regulations in the country’s timber forestry industry. State authorities show a clear awareness of the influence of EU regulations, mainly concerning local public policies and international pressure on deforested areas in the Amazon. Stakeholder perceptions reveal a complex intersection between environmental, economic, and social concerns, highlighting the importance of constructive dialogue between different actors to mitigate conflicts and promote sustainable practices in the forestry sector, in line with global and local conservation demands for environmental and sustainability. Additionally, more than 80 Mato Grosso municipalities will be directly impacted by the EUDR, given their export profiles. (shrink)

El presente texto es un intento por presentar el pensamiento del filósofo político más significativo del primer tercio del siglo XX peruano. José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma, Marqués de Montealegre de Aulestia (1885- 1944) es famoso en la historia del pensamiento peruano por haber liderado la así llamada “Generación del 900”, pero más aún por sus discursos políticos y sus teorías sobre la historia y la literatura, orientadas al nacionalismo. Montealegre va a ser recuperado aquí desde el punto de (...) vista de sus contactos sociales españoles. Ésta es una clave para interpretar la dimensión de fondo, uno de los presupuestos hermenéuticos más básicos de su tesis principal en política: el nacionalismo tradicionalista. En lugar de la crítica de fuentes, se va a intentar dar un marco a las ideas del pensador sobre la base de sus relaciones biográficas, en particular las entabladas con la intelectualidad y la nobleza españolas, un trabajo que ha sido posible a través de su correspondencia. La clave biográfica de los contactos españoles mostrará claramente su influjo en el orden de las ideas. (shrink)

Society Semantics, introduced by W. Carnielli and M. Lima-Marques, is a method for obtaining new logics from the combination of agents of a given logic. The goal of this paper is to present several generalizations of this method, as well as to show some applications to many-valued logics. After a reformulation of Society Semantics in a wider setting, we develop in detail two examples of application of the new formalism, characterizing a hierarchy of paraconsistent logics called Pn and a (...) hierarchy of paracomplete logics In. We also propose three further generalizations, obtaining Society Semantics for several many-valued logics, including a hierarchy of logics called In Pk which are both paraconsistent and paracomplete. (shrink)

Il peut paraître singulier, pour une revue trimestrielle, de vouloir analyser l’actualité politique, alors que celle-ci change au jour le jour. Mais, dans ce débit à jets continus, il est des événements, parfois des détails, qui sont plus importants que d’autres ; il est des actes ou des faits que les historiens retiendront comme ayant marqué un moment, voire même leur...

El artículo es una presentación de una de las obras más emblemáticas del pensamiento político peruano de inicios del siglo XX: Carácter de la literatura del Perú independiente, la primera obra de José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma. La historiografía ha considerado este texto como una obra de historia de la literatura; también como un trabajo “liberal”. Carácter de la literatura sería en realidad una obra de filosofía social positivista. Pero sería además una versión peruana del positivismo monarquista royaliste. Riva-Agüero (...) habría tenido un referente oculto: el libro de filosofía social positivista de Javier Prado, Estado social del Perú durante la dominación española, que habría puesto de cabeza. Tres temas básicos eran el eje de una oculta polémica político-conceptual: la religión, la monarquía y la tradición. Una oculta teoría de psicología colectiva le serviría de sustento: los peruanos tendrían un carácter pragmatista y un sentimiento social empático con el pasado, más apropiado para reivindicar la tradición que para condenarla. La Guerra del Pacífico y un baile social de la aristocracia de la Lima de 1904 serán el escenario de la controversia. (shrink)

De récents travaux ont éclairé sans équivoque aucune l'adhésion de Martin Heidegger au totalitarisme hitlérien. Georges-Arthur Goldschmidt, traducteur de Kafka et de Nietzsche, reprend la question par un biais plus personnel, dans les pas de Victor Klemeperer, l'auteur de la Lingua Tertii Imperrii (1947). "Gefolgschaft", "Einsatz", "Ereignis" : autant de termes appartenant à la fois au vocabulaire nazi et au système philosophique heideggerien. L'appropriation d'un tel langage n'a rien d'opportuniste ou d'occasionnel, mais marque un engagement profond. Cet ouvrage rare (...) et décisif restitue au lecteur français le champ lexical allemand contemporain d'Heidegger. Il dévoile les implications politiques d'une terminologie qui, en passant dans la traduction d'une langue à l'autre, lui échappent souvent. Une telle contamination constitue symboliquement l'un des événements les plus importants du XXe siècle philosophique, dont on ne finira pas de mesurer la portée et les conséquences. (shrink)

Peasants of the northeastern Pará cultivate cassava (manioc esculenta) using shifting cultivation. This paper discusses some factors in support of cassava production, even though it has some negative environmental impacts. These factors are the importance of cassava in the region's history, dietary traditions, and the cooperative labor systems employed in its cultivation and processing.

Concepts stand at the centre of human cognition. We use concepts in categorizing objects and events in the world, in reasoning and action, and in social interaction. It is therefore not surprising that the study of concepts constitutes a central area of research in philosophy and psychology, yet only recently have the two disciplines developed greater interaction. Recent experiments in psychology that test the role of concepts in categorizing and reasoning have found a great deal of variation, across individuals and (...) cultures, in categorization behaviour. Meanwhile, philosophers of language and mind have investigated the semantic properties of concepts, and how concepts are related to linguistic meaning and linguistic communication. A key motivation behind this was the idea that concepts must be shared across individuals and cultures. With the dawn of experimental philosophy, the proposal that the experimental data from psychology lacks relevance to semantics is increasingly difficult to defend. -/- This volume brings together leading psychologists and philosophers to advance the interdisciplinary debate on the role of concepts in categorizing and reasoning, the relationship between concepts and linguistic meaning and communication, the challenges conceptual variation poses to communication, and the social and political effects of conceptual change. (shrink)

This paper discusses and criticizes Segal’s 1989 argument against singular object-dependent thoughts. His argument aims at showing that object-dependent thoughts are explanatorily redundant. My criticism of Segal’s argument has two parts. First, I appeal to common anti-individualist arguments to the effect that Segal’s type of argument only succeeds in establishing that object-dependent thoughts are explanatorily redundant for those aspects of subjects’ behaviour that do not require reference to external objects. Secondly, Segal’s view on singular thoughts is at odds with his (...) view on the semantics of proper names, which favours the singularity and object-dependency of the truth-conditions of sentences in which they occur. In particular, his views are at odds with a position he holds, that truth-conditional semantics can adequately account for all aspects of speakers’ linguistic competence in the use of proper names. (shrink)

A survey conducted among 50 members of the Los Angeles Workforce, all within the age range of 20-50 years, and with a minimum of 2 years of work experience and a minimum of 2 years of college education, delivered results that may be of interest to managers in their efforts to enhance workers' satisfaction and successfully transcend the challenges of these times. The focus of this study was on values that mattered most in challenging times to members of the workforces. (...) The hypothesis that inner-and inter-human aspects would be considered more important than money and status in such times was highly supported, with values such as love and relationships, and positive motivation, in an overwhelming lead. While financial worries were undoubtedly considered, it was underscored that in times of trouble, employees reach inwardly and outwardly to inner-human and inter-human connectedness. (shrink)

Can an appeal to the difference between contrary and contradictory statements, generated by a non-uniform behaviour of negation, deal adequately with paradoxical cases like the sorites or the liar? This paper offers a negative answer to the question. This is done by considering alternative ways of trying to construe and justify in a useful way (in this context) the distinction between contraries and contradictories by appealing to the behaviour of negation only. There are mainly two ways to try to do (...) so: i) by considering differences in the scope of negation, ii) by considering the possibility that negation is semantically ambiguous. Both alternatives are shown to be inapt to handle the problematic cases. In each case, it is shown that the available alternatives for motivating or grounding the distinction, in a way useful to deal with the paradoxes, are either inapplicable, or produce new versions of the paradoxes, or both. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo aclarar algunos conceptos sobre desarrollo local a escala humana, a través una revisión bibliográfica. Para este propósito el trabajo está conformado de dos partes: conceptos sobre desarrollo local, y desarrollo local y su semántica. En la primera parte se aborda el desarrollo local en sentido etimológico, semántico, de espacio, de territorio, de comunidad, lugar y paisaje. En la segunda parte se presentan los supuestos y datos históricos, variaciones semánticas, factores endógenos y exógenos y el (...) sentido de sustentabilidad. El estudio sobre escala humana está sometido a las demás partes. (shrink)

El presente texto se articula en tres partes. En la primera, se reseña que la metafísica en el siglo XX ha sufrido una crisis que ha llevado a considerarla una disciplina muerta, una quimera. La crítica realizada por la filosofía analítica –concretada aquí en Quine– y por Heidegger ha concluido en que la metafísica es imposible, un absurdo. En la segunda parte, se analiza qué metafísica o, mejor, cuál es la idea de metafísica que Quine y Heidegger tenían y contra (...) la que dirigían sus críticas. Se concluye que la tarea de ambos pensadores es eficaz, puesto que la metafísica objetivista –criticada por Quine– y la ontoteología –criticada por Heidegger– son efectivamente imposibles. Sin embargo, no con eso se termina el juicio sobre la metafísica, puesto que, en la tercera parte de este escrito, se indaga por una nueva forma posible de metafísica, una forma que apenas ha sido explorada. Se muestra que un saber en el que la fusión de gnoseología y ontología sea total es la única posibilidad de construir una filosofía primera. Se trata no de la consideración de la ontología y la gnoseología como dos partes o secciones de la metafísica, sino como dos dimensiones presentes en cada tema, en cada una de las proposiciones de la metafísica. Esta propuesta conecta con la visión que Aristóteles ofrece de su próte filosofía a través de la segunda aporía de Metafísica B, que implica la lectura simultánea del Órganon y la Metafísica , y que quizás nunca ha sido investigada como la autentica concepción de la filosofía primera. (shrink)

O bem-estar pessoal de adolescentes é um tema de crescente interesse na literatura científica, especialmente quando se considera a escassez de artigos que considerem o ponto de vista dos adolescentes. Este estudo busca analisar relações entre bem-estar pessoal de pais e filhos e seus valores aspirad..

Este trabajo es una reconstrucción hipotética de la desaparecida iglesia románica medieval de Samper de Calanda, que se basa en las fuentes documentales conservadas y en los materiales procedentes de su fábrica, reutilizados en la iglesia barroca actual. Destacan sendos dinteles de puerta insertos en las paredes norte y sur, cuyo diseño se debe al arquitecto Giacomo de Vignola, que fechamos en el siglo xvii. Palabras clave: iglesias románicas, iglesias barrocas, Giacomo Vignola, arquitectura renacentista, siglo XVII This work is a (...) hypothetical rebuilding of the missing medieval Romanesque church of Samper de Calanda, wich is based on preserved sources of information and material from its masonry, which have been reused in the existent church, which was built during the Baroque period. We must speak about two separate lintels in north and south walls, designed by architect Giacomo de Vignola, dated in the 17thcentury. Key words: Romanesque churches, Baroque churches, Giacomo Vignola, Renaissance architecture. (shrink)

This paper argues for contextualism about predicates of personal taste and evaluative predicates in general, and offers a proposal of how apparently resilient disagreements are to be explained. The present proposal is complementary to others that have been made in the recent literature. Several authors, for instance (López de Sa, 2008; Sundell, 2011; Huvenes, 2012; Marques and García-Carpintero, 2014; Marques, 2014a), have recently defended semantic contextualism for those kinds of predicates from the accusation that it faces the problem (...) of lost disagreement. These authors have proposed that a proper account of the resilient disagreement in the cases studied is to be achieved by an appeal to pragmatic processes, and to conflicting non-doxastic attitudes. It is argued here that the existing contextualist solutions are incomplete as they stand, and are subject to objections because of this. A supplementation of contextualism is offered, together with an explanation of why failed presuppositions of commonality (López de Sa), disputes over the appropriateness of a contextually salient standard (Sundell), and differences in non-doxastic attitudes (Sundell, Huvenes, Marques, and García-Carpintero) give rise to conflicts. This paper claims that conflicts of attitudes are the reason why people still have impressions of disagreement in spite of failed commonality presuppositions, that those conflicts drive metalinguistic disputes over the selection of appropriate standards, and hence conflicting non-doxastic attitudes demand an explanation that is independent of those context dependent pragmatic processes. The paper further argues that the missing explanation is 2-fold: first, disagreement prevails where the properties expressed by taste and value predicates are response-dependent properties, and, secondly, it prevails where those response-dependent properties are involved in evolved systems of coordination that respond to evolutionarily recurrent situations. (shrink)

This paper explores how João de Andrade Corvo and José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage, two nineteenth-century Portuguese naturalists, were able to reach prominent political positions in their country by means of their work in, respectively, botany and agriculture, and zoology. The authority they derived from their scientific activities and the knowledge they acquired in the process, favored by their proximity to particular political quarters, elevated them to important governmental offices, in the context of which they implemented policies that reinforced Portugal’s (...) identity as an imperial nation. The colonial policies and agreements signed by Corvo and Bocage aimed at securing Portuguese colonial territories, which, aside from their economic relevance, constituted a symbol of power that reinforced the sovereignty of a small nation in a Europe dominated by the rule of increasingly vaster and stronger states. In spite of their different scientific careers and personal interests, both naturalists played key roles in Portuguese foreign affairs and colonial negotiations of the late nineteenth century, especially during the Scramble for Africa. (shrink)

Neste artigo serão abordadas as referências políticas presentes em um tipo de teatro geralmente classificado de ligeiro, teatro de entretenimento puro, teatro comercial: o teatro musicado carioca de fins do século XIX até as primeiras décadas do século XX. Por meio de suas revistas e burletas, o teatro musicado carioca destacava as mazelas e os males que assolavam a população da Corte e posteriormente Capital Federal.

This paper gives experimental evidence against the claim that speakers’ intuitions support semantic relativism about assertions of epistemic modal sentences and uses this evidence as part of a broader argument against assessment relativism. It follows other papers that reach similar conclusions, such as that of Knobe and Yalcin (Semant Pragmat 7:1–21, 2014). Its results were achieved simultaneously and independently of the more recent work of Kneer (Perspectives on taste. Aesthetics, language, metaphysics, and experimental philosophy. Routledge, 2022). The experimental data in (...) this paper supports two claims. The first is that, as Knobe and Yalcin (Semant Pragmat 7:1–21, 2014) also found, speakers diverge in their judgments about the truth-values and about the appropriate retraction of epistemic modal claims. The second is that speakers diverge in their judgments about when a retraction is appropriate and when it is required. This divergence was not tested by Knobe and Yalcin (Semant Pragmat 7:1–21, 2014) but aligns with the results independently reached by Kneer ((Kneer, Synthese 199(3–4): 6455–6471; Perspectives on taste. Aesthetics, language, metaphysics, and experimental philosophy. Routledge, 2022), and supports the arguments previously developed by Marques (Synthese 199(3–4): 6455–6471). The present studies tested the intuitions of both North American English speakers and of peninsular Spanish speakers, whose judgements on the topic had never been tested. The broader argument involves the relation between required retractions and falsity. (shrink)

Neste ensaio observamos que a biodiversidade é a multiplicidade de recursos existentes no contexto da vida da natureza do planeta Terra. Ela implica também a presença do elemento humano e sua condição étnica que é também, no mundo globalizado, étnico racial. A vida humana a partir das ancestralidades étnicas nos indicam que o caminho para um futuro sustentável sempre foi protagonizado por populações indígenas, povos das florestas, tradicionais e quilombolas. Estas civilizações humanas, indígenas, ribeirinhos, população do campo e da floresta, (...) negros e quilombolas fornecem tecnologias milenares capazes de salvaguardar o planeta e possibilitar a permanência da vida e da espécie humana na Terra. A despeito disto, o argumento tecnológico e sustentável dos gestores públicos e empresariado capitalista é reducionista. Em sua demanda, a agenda 2030 para implementação dos 17 objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável (ODS) estão atrelados ao desenvolvimento econômico e social. Em nossa compreensão, isto visa encapsular a todos na lógica das cidades, territórios do consumo e das trocas econômicas. Valores éticos opostos a existência do indígena, do negro e das populações do campo e da floresta. Neste sentido, a ancestralidade indígena e negra em sua ontologia, produz uma ética humana inalienável e insubmissa. (shrink)

En este trabajo, el autor describe el Programa de sistemas de ayuda centrado en la persona que fue desarrollado para responder las demandas de las personas de la ciudad de Oporto, socialmente excluidas. Se describe el principio fundamental y los componentes del programa, junto con su proceso de realización. Finalmente, se ofrece una reflexión crítica de todo el programa y las expectativas de los futuros desarrollos.

Words change meaning, usually in unpredictable ways. But some words’ meanings are revised intentionally. Revisionary projects are normally put forward in the service of some purpose – some serve specific goals of inquiry, and others serve ethical, political or social aims. Revisionist projects can ameliorate meanings, but they can also pervert. In this paper, I want to draw attention to the dangers of meaning perversions, and argue that the self-declared goodness of a revisionist project doesn’t suffice to avoid meaning perversions. (...) The road to Hell, or to horrors on Earth, is paved with good intentions. Finally and more importantly, I want to demarcate what meaning perversions are. This, I hope, can help us assess the moral and political legitimacy of revisionary projects. (shrink)

Historical studies on the relationship between science and diplomacy tend to focus on events since World War II and on initiatives for the maintenance of peace or to achieve cooperation over contentious matters. This article presents the case of José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823–1907), a Portuguese zoologist who had formal diplomatic responsibilities in a context of competition for the colonization of Africa in the nineteenth century. He used his knowledge in African geography to implement colonial and diplomatic strategies that (...) aimed at outcompeting rival powers. The development of a network of actors with scientific, colonial, and diplomatic expertise was crucial for the negotiations that involved the partition of the Congo basin, which resulted in victories for Portugal that surpassed the country's marginal political relevance at the international level and had long‐lasting consequences. (shrink)

The paper confronts the disagreement argument for relativism about matters of taste, defending a specific form of contextualism. It is first considered whether the disagreement data might manifest an inviariantist attitude speakers pre-reflectively have. Semantic and ontological enlightenment should then make the impressions of disagreement vanish, or at least leave them as lingering ineffectual Müller-Lyer-like illusions; but it is granted to relativists that this does not fully happen. López de Sa’s appeal to presuppositions of commonality and Sundell’s appeal to metalinguistic (...) disagreement are discussed, and it is argued that, although they help to clarify the issues, they do not fully explain why such impressions remain under enlightenment. To do it, the paper develops a suggestion that other writers have made, that the lingering impression of disagreement is a consequence of a practical conflict, appealing to dispositions to practical coordination that come together with presuppositions of commonality in axiological matters. (shrink)

This paper explores some alternative accounts of doxastic disagreement, and shows what problems each faces. It offers an account of doxastic disagreement that results from the incompatibility of the content of doxastic attitudes, even when that content’s truth is relativized. On the best definition possible, it is argued, neither non-indexical contextualism nor assessment-relativism have an advantage over contextualism. The conclusion is that conflicts that arise from the incompatibility (at the same world) of the content of given doxastic attitudes cannot be (...) accommodated by theoretical positions that allow for the compatibility (at the same world) of the content of different doxastic attitudes. (shrink)

Intuitions about retractions have been used to motivate truth relativism about certain types of claims. Among these figure epistemic modals, knowledge attributions, or personal taste claims. On MacFarlane’s prominent relativist proposal, sentences like “the ice cream might be in the freezer” or “Pocoyo is funny” are only assigned a truth-value relative to contexts of utterance and contexts of assessment. Retractions play a crucial role in the argument for assessment-relativism. A retraction of a past assertion is supposed to be mandatory whenever (...) the asserted sentence is not true at the context of use and the context of assessment. If retractions were not obligatory in these conditions, there would be no normative difference between assessment-relativism and contextualism. The main goal of this paper is to undermine the claim that retractions reveal this normative difference. To this effect, the paper offers a review of three important objections to the obligatoriness of retractions. Taken together, these objections make a strong case against the alleged support that retractions give to assessment-relativism. The objections are moreover supported by recent experimental results that are also discussed. This will satisfy a further goal, which is to undermine the idea that there is a constitutive retraction rule. The paper also discusses two ways to understand what such a rule would be constitutive of, and concludes with a discussion of how to describe what retractions are. (shrink)

Kaplan (1999) argued that a different dimension of expressive meaning (“use-conditional”, as opposed to truth-conditional) is required to characterize the meaning of pejoratives, including slurs and racial epithets. Elaborating on this, writers have argued that the expressive meaning of pejoratives and slurs is either a conventional implicature (Potts 2007) or a presupposition (Macià 2002 and 2014, Schlenker 2007, Cepollaro and Stojanovic 2016). We argue that an expressive presuppositional theory accounts well for the data, but that expressive presuppositions are not just (...) propositions to be added to a common ground. We hold that expressives, including pejoratives and slurs, make requirements on a contextual record governed by sui generis norms specific to affective attitudes and their expressions. (shrink)

Este texto realiza uma revisão de literatura em torno dos principais aspectos que envolvem a construção da cena dissensual em Jacques Rancière, evidenciando como a potência fabulativa da racionalidade ficcional produz momentos quaisquer que perturbam os encadeamentos consensuais de ações, gestos, existências e experiências. A partir da produção de intervalos e liminaridades, é possível reconfigurar temporalidades e espacialidades a fim de desestabilizar e desierarquizar as relações de dominação e propor outros imaginários. O momento qualquer suspende a ordem corriqueira do tempo, (...) redispõe o visível, as ações e as formas como as coisas e os seres aparecem, a maneira habitual de ocupar um espaço, a forma de identificar-se como indivíduo e de inscrever-se nas relações. Assim, a cena de dissenso, tomada como singularidade e como operação a partir da qual se pode produzir momentos de rêverie (devaneio fabulador) que fraturam imaginários consensuais, altera o modo como lemos, vemos e ouvimos o outro e o mundo a nosso redor. Argumentamos que a cena realiza uma desmontagem das explicações previsíveis, deslocando consensos e oferecendo um imaginário antihierárquico e no qual coexistem múltiplos tempos, espaços e existências. (shrink)